For decades, medicine has tried to answer a deceptively difficult question: how likely is an individual to develop a particular disease? Traditional risk assessment usually combines factors…

 Healthcare is entering an era in which the genetic information carried by an individual can increasingly become part of routine medical decision-making. For much of modern medicine,…

For decades, immunological memory was considered one of the defining characteristics of the adaptive immune system. After encountering a pathogen, B cells and T cells can undergo…

When people hear the word “virus,” they usually think about infection, disease, fever, respiratory illness, or outbreaks. Modern microbiology, however, is revealing a much more complicated relationship…

The human microbiome has become one of the most important areas of modern biomedical research. Scientists now understand that the microorganisms living in the gastrointestinal tract are…

Human communication has traditionally depended on physical pathways. We speak by coordinating the brain, vocal muscles, tongue, lips, and respiratory system; We write or type by controlling…

For much of modern history, scientists believed that the human brain was largely fixed after childhood. The prevailing assumption was that brain development followed a relatively predictable…

Artificial intelligence is becoming increasingly important in healthcare, where machine learning systems can assist with medical imaging, clinical decision-making, disease prediction, drug discovery, patient monitoring, and hospital…

Artificial intelligence is becoming an increasingly important part of modern healthcare. Machine-learning systems can analyse medical images, estimate disease risk, identify patterns in electronic health records, support…

Medicine is often presented as a discipline of finding the correct diagnosis from a collection of symptoms, test results and clinical observations. In reality, many medical decisions…